作者:王少华 黄振平
【摘要】氟碳液体自1987年Stanley Chang首次在玻璃体视网膜手术中应用已20a,氟碳液体在玻璃体视网膜手术中的作用相当于粘弹剂在眼前段手术中的作用。20a来,氟碳液体在玻璃体视网膜手术中的应用范围不断扩大,对氟碳液体的基础研究也没有停止,现就氟碳液体在眼科的实验研究和临床应用作一综述。
【关键词】 氟碳液体 眼科学
The experimental research and clinic application of perfluorocarbon liquids in ophthalmology
AbstractSince perfluorocarbon liquids was applied in vitreoretinal surgery for the first time by Stanley Chang in 1987, its function in vitreoretinal surgery is the same as viscoelastic in anterior segment surgery. In the 20 years, perfluorocarbon liquids have been used in surgery for a wide variety of vitreoretinal disorder, and the related experimental researches have not been terminated. The present paper reviews the experimental researches and clinic applications of perfluorocarbon liquids in ophthalmology.
· KEYWORDS: perfluorocarbon liquids; ophthalmology
0引言
氟碳液体(Perfluorocarbon liquid)是有机烃中的氢被氟取代的一组化合物,一般有6个以上碳原子,也可含氧、氮、硫原子,可以通过多种方法合成[1]。无色透明,高比重,低粘度,不溶于水,生物化学性质稳定,无毒性,其优良的氧和二氧化碳溶解度,可以用来制造人造血液[2]。自1987年 Chang[3]首次在眼科玻璃体视网膜手术中作为流体动力操作工具(Hydrokinetic manipulation tool)应用已经近20a。本文就氟碳液体在眼科的实验研究和临床应用作一回顾性综述。
1氟碳液体眼科实验研究
1982年Haidt 等[4]首次将氟碳液体注入动物眼内,观察到氟碳液体在动物眼内有鱼卵样(fish egg appearance )变化。以后用作眼科应用实验研究的氟碳液体有氟化多醚(Perfluoroether)[5],全氟三丁胺(Perfluorotributylamine)[6],全氟菲(Perfluorophenanthrene)[7],全氟辛烷(Perfluorooctane)[8],全氟萘烷(Perfluorodecalin)[9,10],全氟乙基环己烷(perfluoroethylcyclohexane)[11],全氟三正丙烷(Perfluorotri-n-propylamine)等[12,13]。氟碳液体注入眼内对视网膜的影响主要表现为下方与氟碳液体接触的视网膜外丛状层变窄,感光细胞核减少,感光细胞外节损害。氟碳液体注入视网膜下[14]会引起视网膜内外核层的水肿,外节段变性,亦可以发现氟碳液体被吞噬现象。氟碳液体在前房内可以引起下方与氟碳液体接触的角膜内皮细胞缺失与水肿。Versura 等[15]用免疫组化的方法检查了全氟萘烷玻璃体替代的组织学结果,在不同眼组织基质、氟碳液体泡周围发现了免疫球蛋白和补体片断,提示有免疫反应发生。资料显示氟碳液体在眼内存留,对视网膜的影响不仅与氟碳液体的纯度有关,还与氟碳液体的原子构成有关,仅含氟、碳原子的氟碳液体要比含氧、氮原子的氟碳液体眼内耐受性好。也有文献[16]认为氟碳液体对视网膜的影响仅是其比重2倍于水的重力物理作用。玻璃体腔内注入氟碳液体后ERG的变化认为是氟碳液体的绝缘作用,氟碳液体取出后波形会逐渐恢复。新的研究提出了氟碳液体引起视网膜变化的新假设[17]:氟碳液体阻止Müller细胞的内终足将视网膜内的钾离子虹吸到玻璃体腔,视网膜外层钾离子增加,引起神经组织变性和反应性胶质增生。
1.1氟碳液体对培养纤维细胞的影响[18] 为观察氟碳液体的生物化学稳定性,我们将纤维细胞种植于氟碳液体与培养基的界面,观察纤维细胞的生长情况,含没有完全氟化的氢的氟碳液体,纤维细胞有附着生长、增殖活跃,氧化铝处理氟碳液体,可以去除氟碳液体中含氢杂质(未完全氟化物质),减少纤维细胞生长增殖。
1.2氟碳液体对血视网膜屏障的影响[19] 兔眼玻璃体腔内注入全氟辛烷0.3mL,兔静脉注射荧光素,荧光光度计测量前房,玻璃体荧光含量,观察氟碳液体对血视网膜屏障的影响,结果术后第1d前房荧光含量与对照有显著差异,术后第7d玻璃体荧光含量与对照有显著差异,长期研究(7wk)没有发现血视网膜屏障渗透性增加。
1.3氟碳液体玻璃体替代后的氧动力学研究[20,21] 氟碳液体中的CF3的自旋晶格释放时间是其氧分压的敏感快速指标,兔眼玻璃体腔充满全氟三丁胺后动物吸入950mL/L氧气,50mL/L二氧化碳,19F核磁共振光谱仪测定氟碳液体中氧分压变化,氟碳液体氧摄入与时间常数是一条简单指数曲线159±110min(mean±SD,n =3)。动物改吸空气,氟碳液体中氧清除与时间常数也是一条简单指数曲线59.8±9.6min(mean±SD,n =4)。氟碳液体注入玻璃体腔以前纯氧灌注,注入兔玻璃体腔后动物吸入空气,氧分压变化与时间常数也是一条简单指数曲线69.6±12.6min(mean±SD, n =4)。临床上氟碳液体在手术后存留位于视网膜表面,19F磁共振光谱仪测定氟碳液体内氧分压代表视网膜表面的氧分压,可以用来检测糖尿病视网膜病变,早产儿视网膜病变等疾病视网膜内层的氧分压。
1.4氟碳液体与硅油的联合应用[22-27] 早期认为氟碳液体不溶于硅油,利用两者不同的比重,两者联合应用注入玻璃体腔可以分别对下方和上方的视网膜起顶压作用(1mL硅油向上的作用力是0.06g,0.3mL氟碳液体向下的作用力是0.25g),动物实验氟碳液体和硅油联合应用注入玻璃体腔可以阻止玻璃体切除后玻璃体腔注入成纤维细胞诱导的视网膜脱离。临床上也成功应用,在氟碳液体和硅油注入玻璃体腔数周后两者之间的液平清晰。以后有人报道在临床视网膜复位手术过程中使用氟碳液体后硅油填充的病例取硅油时有“重”硅油沉在下方难以取出,因为这种物质既不象硅油自动上浮,也不象氟碳液体那样粘度低容易吸出,经检验是残余氟碳液体与硅油、水的混合物,体外实验证实硅油不溶于氟碳液体,但相当量氟碳液体可溶于硅油。硅油的粘度不影响氟碳液体溶解度。
1.5氟碳液体细菌培养 氟碳液体在眼科玻璃体视网膜手术中的广泛应用是否会增加细菌污染和感染的机会,Moreira等[28]将金葡菌和铜绿假单胞菌接种于全氟辛烷,生理盐水,37℃孵育箱保存,接种后0、72、168、240h分别取接种样本平板细菌培养24h,计算细菌克隆,结果金葡菌和铜绿假单胞菌无法在全氟辛烷中生长, 我们认为不能单以氟碳液体中缺乏营养来解释,因为细菌在生理盐水中生长良好。氟碳液体在玻璃体视网膜手术中不易被细菌污染,不增加感染机会。
1.6氟碳液体对凝血的影响 Moreira 等[29]研究了氟碳液体在体外,体内对凝血的影响。健康志愿者血标本加入一定量氟碳液体,测定凝血时间,部分促凝血酶原激酶时间(内源凝血通路),一期凝血酶原时间(外源性凝血系统),结果与对照无显著差异。体内实验,Moreira 比较了玻璃体切除后视网膜大动脉出血注入氟碳液体和林格氏液,在相同灌注压高度下,前者止血时间较后者短,两者有显著差异。我们认为氟碳液体在玻璃体腔内有很好的止血作用,特别是当出血来源多无法确定时。但氟碳液体促进止血的机制并不清楚。
2氟碳液体的眼科临床应用
2.1严重PVR视网膜脱离[30,31] 氟碳液体最早用于一般玻璃体切除,剥膜也无法复位的严重PVR视网膜脱离,玻璃体切除后,注入氟碳液体,其高比重将视网膜压平,视网膜下液体从原有前部裂孔溢出无须在后极部作视网膜切开,氟碳液体使视网膜相对固定,更有利于视网膜前剥膜。视网膜收缩粘连严重的病例,估计氟碳液体也不能将视网膜压平,可先注入少量氟碳液体固定视网膜后极部,再作剥膜,视网膜切开,切除,再注入氟碳液体压平视网膜,做视网膜光凝,巩膜冷凝,外加压环扎,置换眼内填充。
2.2巨大裂孔视网膜脱离[32,33] 巨大裂孔视网膜脱离在玻璃体切除剥膜后注入氟碳液体,翻转的视网膜瓣会充分复位,视网膜与色素上皮紧贴,裂孔常闭合成一细沟,直接眼内光凝或巩膜外冷凝的位置精确,效果更好,冷凝产生的色素上皮细胞播散少,如PVR不严重,可以不做巩膜环扎,在气液交换时放慢速度,可以防止视网膜瓣向后滑动,可以置换眼内填充,也可以将氟碳液体留在眼内,待视网膜与色素上皮粘连,适当时再置换眼内填充。
2.3脱位晶状体、人工晶状体[34,35] 玻璃体切除后,充分游离脱位晶状体,人工晶状体,注入氟碳液体,其高比重可以将晶状体浮至玻璃体中央超声粉碎或切割,可以将人工晶状体上浮至后房,重新固定或取出、置换,避免眼内反复操作,晶状体、人工晶状体掉落对视网膜的损伤,如有视网膜脱离可同时处理。
2.4玻璃体积血视网膜脱离[36,37] 玻璃体积血病例待玻璃体后脱离是减少玻璃体切割并发症的重要条件,氟碳液体在玻璃体积血手术中不与血液混合,手术视野清晰,在积血的玻璃体和视网膜之间形成一保护屏障,对于没有玻璃体后脱离的病例可以在玻璃体后界膜作小孔后注入氟碳液体分离玻璃体后界膜与视网膜,减少视网膜并发症。
2.5脉络膜上腔出血[38,39] 脉络膜上腔出血如没有眼内容脱出可以手术治疗,氟碳液体改善了这些患者的预后。360度剪开球结膜,角膜缘后4mm,3个象限做平行角膜缘3mm巩膜切开,从颞下象限(无晶状体眼从角巩缘,有晶状体从睫状体平坦部)刺入30号细长针至玻璃体腔看到针尖,缓慢注入氟碳液体,用棉签轻压眼球使脉络膜上腔出血从巩膜切口中溢出,除去脉络膜上腔出血后,再做玻璃体切除。
2.6黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离[40-42] 黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离在引流视网膜下液体后注入氟碳液体,再作内界膜剥离,由于有氟碳液体的重力对抗作用,视网膜比较稳定,剥膜操作似比原来容易,在剥离内界膜时如使用吲哚青绿染色,少量氟碳液体除可以压平视网膜还可以防止吲哚青绿进入视网膜下。
2.7早产儿视网膜病变[43] 严重的早产儿视网膜病变手术很困难。二通道玻璃体切割,巩膜切口作在虹膜根部后面,玻璃体切割器械直接插入晶状体,在晶状体囊内吸除晶状体皮质和核,晶状体前囊保留到最后切除。后囊与浓缩的前部玻璃体如用玻璃体切割器抓不牢,或是闭漏斗,可以用玻璃体剪剪开,23号长针注入氟碳液体2mL在视网膜前面,后部视网膜被压平,前部再用玻璃体剪作放射切开,避开视网膜和新生血管,空间扩大后可进一步注入氟碳液体,视网膜下液体可以从作在角膜缘后6mm的巩膜切口排出。即使撤掉灌注光纤,氟碳液体仍维持眼球形状,视网膜足够平后,更换眼内填充。关闭巩膜切口后,赤道部作巩膜环扎,前部新生血管组织予冷凝。
2.8化脓性眼内炎[44] 化脓性眼内炎玻璃体腔充满致密脓性团块,与视网膜粘连很紧,玻璃体切除时很容易伤及视网膜。为了使玻璃体切除容易些,预先注入少量氟碳液体沉至——能支撑氟碳液体的平面,可以是停留在炎性膜表面,也可能直接到达视网膜,玻璃体切除时仔细分辨,如是炎性膜则继续切除,氟碳液体再下沉,直至视网膜。氟碳液体有利于整个切除过程中对视网膜的保护。
2.9与t-PA联合应用治疗黄斑下出血[45] 老年性黄斑变性黄斑出血,在玻璃体切除后,黄斑下积血可以用t-PA液化,再用氟碳液体将积血挤入玻璃体腔后吸除。
2.10其他 氟碳液体在严重增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变[46],脉络膜缺损视网膜脱离[47],视网膜多发裂孔[48],视网膜劈裂[49],眼球内异物[50],中心浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变引起的大泡性视网膜脱离[51],人工角膜视网膜脱离[52],脉络膜肿瘤切除[53],去除视网膜下气体[54],黄斑转位[55]等手术中也有成功应用。
2.11氟碳液体在眼内的B超,CT,MRI图像[56-58] 氟碳液体在手术后可以存留眼内,B超图像显示氟碳液体位于眼球最低位置,氟碳液体内部为一无回声区,表面为回声增强线,氟碳液体后有一串类似金属异物的伪像。氟碳液体在CT中显示不透光影,可以显示氟碳在眼内的分布。氟碳液体在眼内MRI检查T1W,T2W显示显著低信号,无法评价视网膜。
2.12氟碳液体临床应用选择,眼内保留时间及并发症 动物实验已证实仅含氟碳原子的氟碳液体如全氟菲(Perfluorophenanthrene)比含氧氮原子的氟碳液体如全氟三丁胺(Perfluorotributylamine)眼内耐受好,选择毫无疑义。有文献比较了临床常用的全氟辛烷(Perfluorooctane)与脱氢全氟菲[59,60](Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene)临床应用结果,全氟辛烷屈光指数1.27,蒸发压52mmHg,粘度0.69centistoke,脱氢全氟菲屈光指数1.33(与生理盐水和房水极近似),蒸发压<1mmHg,粘度8.3centistoke,全氟辛烷与生理盐水的屈光指数区别、高蒸发压、低粘度使其在临床手术过程中更容易取干净。术后角膜异常,眼压升高的发生率比脱氢全氟菲低,但两者应用后视网膜复位率无显著差异。为提高脱氢全氟菲的表面能见度,Liang等[61]将全氟辛烷与全氟脱氢菲按不同比例混合,改变屈光指数后使用。术中使用氟碳液体并发症主要为氟碳液体进入视网膜下,大多数文献认为后极部大裂孔不能使用氟碳液体,全氟菲18dynes/cm的表面张力可以阻止其从小于0.5视盘直径的裂孔进入视网膜下[37,62-64],Han 等[65]报道,在视网膜切除,切开后只要解除所有的视网膜牵引,氟碳液体注入可以超过视网膜切开的后缘,19例患者只有1例发生氟碳液体进入视网膜下。一旦氟碳液体进入视网膜下,除从原视网膜裂孔吸除外还可以作后极部视网膜切开引流。文献报道视网膜下残留的氟碳液体[66-69]可以用39号弹性管道在氟碳液体旁切开,将管道伸入氟碳液体泡内吸除,术后视力得到提高。文献均认为氟碳液体在眼内保留一段时间可引起视网膜,角膜内皮损害,仍有将氟碳液体在手术后留在眼内作眼内填充,待视网膜与色素上皮形成粘连。Tanji等[70]报道将脱氢全氟菲在患者眼内保留了3d~9wk(平均3.3wk),Blinder 等[71]将全氟菲在患者眼内保留了5d~4wk,术后保持坐位或仰卧位,取得满意临床效果。并发症为白内障,视网膜脱离复发,PVR复发,低眼压,黄斑皱折,高眼压,前房渗出,发生率与其他玻璃体手术硅油填充后相似。有个案报道[72]残留氟碳液体在眼内可引起巨细胞炎症反应。
3小结
重水(氟碳液体)以它特殊的物理、化学特点,作为流体动力操作工具(hydrokinetic manipulation tool)在玻璃体视网膜手术中应用,极大的方便了玻璃体视网膜手术,提高手术成功率。临床效果得到时间的检验,甚至有文献[73]建议玻璃体切割时用氟碳液体作灌注液。但氟碳液体作为玻璃体替代物不能像硅油那样在玻璃体腔内长期保留。
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